Whilst we are on history went back to look for any articles by Makdisi.
Whose book on later Ottoman empire and co existence I've mentioned previously. ( Yet to read it)
Makdisi is from Lebanon and seen him more recently on TV.
Found this,
European colonisation put an abrupt end to political experiments towards a more equal, diverse and ecumenical Arab world
aeon.co
Not to long essay on his take on late Ottoman empire.
Far from being a crumbling backward place the late empire was like a lot of the world attempting to modernise.
He puts this in context of world events ( civil war in USA, colonialism of European empires.
His argument basically is that the late empire had modernising tolerant tendency and intolerant nationalistic ones.
The Balkans fell apart.
The middle east part of empire was working towards a new modernised Ottoman identity that included Muslims, Christians and Jews. With secular aspect to it.
He sees the breakup of Ottoman empire the interference by British / French empires and Zionism ( a European movement) a disaster for the region. Which laid the seeds for the conflict now in middle east.
In the Arab part as King / Crane saw when the travelled around the area the ecumenical part of ottoman empire had survived just. Unlike Ataturk new Turkey he was carving out.
There were warnings. The King Crane ( named after the two Americans who did it)commission set up after WW1 to look at what the people of middle east wanted.
It's findings ignored.