Pickman's model
Starry Wisdom
The years 1600-1640 traditionally considered to be in the seventeenth centuryThis isn't really true and relies on quite a bit of jiggery-pokery, and an extremely tolerant definition of "at war with". For example, you need to count all of Spain's former colonial assets as "Spain", so that's the whole of South America. If you do that, you might as well include Portugal, which was under Spanish rule for 60 years in the 16th century.