Textbooks all agree that money has three features: a medium of exchange, a unit of account and a store of value1. How does Bitcoin stack-up against these?
Bitcoin is not used as a medium of exchange. Certainly, a small number of businesses accept Bitcoin but this tends to be a marketing gimmick. Indeed, so spectacular has been Bitcoin’s rise and such is the speculative fever surrounding it, that users tend to hoard it. On 18 May 2010, Laszlo Hanyecz paid 10,000 Bitcoins for 2 pizzas. Today those 10,000 Bitcoins are worth $355 m. This example is frequently cited as why Bitcoin should never be used to purchase real world goods. Bitcoin is also not a very good payment network. It is only able to process around 4.6 transactions per second compared with Visa that, on average, transacts 1,700 per sec- ond. Of course, this limitation may yet be resolved but would require fundamental changes to the code that underpins the currency. For the time being Bitcoin’s use in payment transactions is confined to illegality: drugs, child pornography, money laundering, etc.
Nor is Bitcoin a unit of account, historically its price has been so volatile that most merchants (whose expenses are denominated in fiat currency) will immediately convert Bitcoin into fiat currency to meet their liabil- ities. We don’t rule out this changing – Paypal have recently launched Bitcoin denominated wallets, for example – but we judge this outcome to have a low probability.
To date then, Bitcoin has only taken a single characteristic of money that of – at least in the eyes of its proponents – a store of value. That property is the subject of this essay.