dilute micro
esse quam videri
I suspect the people at the highest level whose job it is to keep tabs on Russian military may not have been as surprised at Russia's ineptitude in the field as we are. Lack of training with combined units matters. There's no way around it. I just wouldn't hazard a guess at how bad they might have thought the Russians would be.i think there are three factors: 1) the quality of the russian plan and its execution; 2) the quality of the ukrainian response; 3) the volume of weaponry available to the ukrainians in the right place at the right time.
if the russian army had behaved as informed observers anticipated this would likely have been game over by now. but the russian plan as devised and certainly as executed has been strategically flawed and tactically inept: tactics being the way in which the strategy is worked towards on the ground. the volume of weaponry supplied to the ukrainians has as i say above certainly helped blunt the invasion. the fighting at the current level may go on for some time yet (some people say days, i suspect several weeks if not a month may be a better estimate). but time works in the ukrainians' favour as russian resupply is going to be rather slower than ukrainian resupply: for example, tass said in january 400 armoured vehicles would be delivered to the russian army this year, but thousands of anti-tank missiles have already been supplied to the ukrainians.
the fighting - had the russians performed as so many people thought - would continue for many months even if the russians won the major operations phase, and it still might if the conflict moves from being a conventional operation on the russians' part to being a counter-insurgency campaign. i can't see any way in which the russians can win a coin campaign, because (as so many counter-insurgency theorists point out) in a counter-insurgency campaign the people are the prize. i think it's fair to say that pretty much all the ukrainians have picked a side. and it's not russia.
And then on the other end, I'm very surprised at the Ukrainians given how unimpressive they seemed in the last 8 years. They are literally writing the book on warfare like this on such a grand scale with anti-tank and drones. Theories are being fleshed out.