Here's one I made earlier. Notes from:
Rathus, Spencer A., Nevid, Jeffrey S., and Fischner-Rathus, Lois, Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, London, 2002 (1993)
1967 – one of a pair of male twins lost his penis in a circumcision accident. After undergoing gender reassignment surgery, he was – or so it seemed – “successfully reared as a girl”. The sequel: “at the age of 14, when “she” was informed about the circumcision accident and the process of gender reassignment, she immediately decided to pursue life as a male.”
These authors note another case, however, where an individual, again damaged by circumcision, was gender reassigned, but “in a follow-up at the age of 9, the individual was also tomboyish in behavior and personality traits, but considered herself a girl”. This individual grew to adulthood with the “self concept of being female” and engaged in bisexual activity, until forming a long-term “lesbian” relationship with a woman.
They go on to cite the fascinating consequences of “cloacal exstrophy” a rare medical condition in which individuals are born with “normal testicles, male sex chromosomal structure, and male sex hormones” – but are also born without a penis. In a case of several of these individuals surgically castrated and reared as girls they consistently reported male gender identity, which Marianne J. Legato ascribes to the effects of testosterone.
“How can we sort out the roles of nature and nurture, of biology and the environment?” By turning to cases of pseudohermaphroditism – perhaps. Unlike cases of true hermaphroditism, which are extremely rare, the condition of pseudohermaphroditism affects about one individual in every thousand. The individuals “possess the gonads of one gender but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other gender”. (177)
This comes about, e.g. via androgenital syndrome where a female may have internal female sexual organs, but “masculinized” genitalia. This is due to overexposure to androgen. Then there is androgen-insenstivity syndrome, where males with a mutated gene have lower-than-normal prenatal sensitivity to androgens. “At birth their external genitals are feminized , including a small vagina and their testes are undescended.”
Then there is Dominican Republic Syndrome, named after the country where the first cases were described. This is a form of pseudo-hermaphroditism in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testostroene from masculinizing the external genitalia. (177). “Their penises were stunted and resembled clitorises. Their scrotums were incompletely formed and resembled female labia. They also had partially formed vaginas”.
“The boys with Dominican Republic syndrome also resembled girls at birth and were reared as females. At puberty, however, their testes swung into normal testosterone production, causing startling changes: the testes descended, their voices deepened, their musculature filled out, and their “clitorises” expanded into penises. Of the 18 boys who were reared as girls, 17 shifted to a male gender identity. Sixteen of the 18 assumed a stereotypical masculine gender role. Of the remaining 2, 1 adopted a male gender identity but continued to maintain a feminine gender role, including wearing dresses. The other maintained a female gender identity, and later sought gender-reassignment surgery to “correct” the pubertal masculinization” (178- 179: these authors are citing Money, J., and Ehrhardt, A., Man and Woman, boy and girl, 1972, Baltimore MD, The Johns Hopkins University Press)
TL; DR: there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
