In other contexts, including some areas of social sciences,
gender includes
sex or replaces it.
[1][2] For instance, in non-human animal research,
gender is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals.
[2] This
change in the meaning of gender can be traced to the 1980s. In 1993, the USA's
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) started to use
gender instead of
sex.
[6] Later, in 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using
sex as the biological classification and
gender as "a person's self representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation."
[7]