Within
evolutionary biology,
signalling theory is a body of
theoretical work examining
communication between individuals, both within species and across species. The central question is when organisms with conflicting interests, such as in
sexual selection, should be expected to provide
honest signals (no presumption being made of conscious intention) rather than
cheating.
Mathematical models describe how signalling can contribute to an
evolutionarily stable strategy.
Signals are given in contexts such as mate selection by females, which subjects the
advertising males' signals to selective pressure. Signals thus evolve because they modify the behaviour of the receiver to benefit the signaller. Signals may be honest, conveying information which usefully increases the fitness of the receiver, or dishonest. An individual can cheat by giving a dishonest signal, which might briefly benefit that signaller, at the risk of undermining the signalling system for the whole population