I don't think they are very commen in urban areas. In coventry where i live there are 2 or 3 areas with parish councils but most of the city only has the city council. Doesn't make sense really as the equivalent sized area to a rural parish in a city has a bigger population.
you can also get town councils in small towns that are like parish councils - local to me, there's a wokingham district council (that does the usual second tier council things - as well as first tier things since we don't have a county council any more) but there's also a wokingham town council, so there's two mayors of wokingham...
not sure about places outside london, but the current london boroughs do have their roots in the parish 'vestries' that got turned in to boroughs some time in the 19th century, although the current london boroughs are the result of (broadly speaking) boroughs being merged in the 1960s (lambeth is unusual in that it merged the old lambeth borough with the streatham bit of wandsworth, the rest of wandsworth merged with battersea borough.)
there can be a feeling in london that the boroughs are too big / remote, or that they favour one bit of the borough and neglect others (e.g. lewisham and deptford)
some london councils have tried to formalise more local things - tower hamlets tried it at one stage with 'neighbourhoods' and delegating some decision making down to the councillors in each patch, but if i remember right they dropped the idea like a sack of shite when one area elected a BNP (or was it NF then?) councillor and a few others got close.
lewisham have in recent-ish years started doing '
local assembly' meetings in each council ward, and think that a modest amount of funding for local projects is delegated to that level for decision making.