Thijs Voskuilen, 'Operation Messiah: Did Christianity start as a Roman counterinsurgency operation?', in
Small Wars and Insurgencies 16:2 (2005), pp. 192-215
Abstract:
Through examining the life and work of the man who is generally known as the Apostle Paul, I hope to challenge the idea that the founder of Christianity was a saint and replace it with the possibility that he really was an agent-provocateur working for the Roman administration in Palestine and various other parts of the Empire. Paul's biography and his own letters, both of which were taken up in the New Testament, hold numerous clues to the effect that this former persecutor, originally named Saul of Tarsus, never left the ranks of the government, but instead went undercover after his famous ‘conversion’ en route to Damascus. The self-proclaimed successor-to-Jesus was not only treated dramatically differently from Jesus by the Romans, but they were his friends and allowed him to live and work for 20 years instead of crucifying him. Jesus' original followers distrusted Paul, and made various attempts to kill him throughout his life. I will conclude by arguing that Paul's claim that Jesus, this candidate-king of the Jews, was the Messiah and had been crucified as the will of God (the prime assumption upon which Christianity is based) should be read as a sadistic mockery of Jewish faith, meant to divide a Jewish resistance organisation and pacify it.
butchersapron frogwoman
well, the article lived up to my hopes, it is a fine example of academic use of conspiracy theory practise.
It has one central argument that is hard to deny - that it was odd for the Romans to let Paul live and preach pretty much freely, despite being supposedly a prisoner. For seventeen years. That is, indeed, a bit odd. But from there...
Probably the most frequent phrase that crops up is '
it must be assumed' - and assume he sure does on a whole host of facts, mainly around the way the Romans did use spies and infiltrators. Many of these strike me as quite reasonable assumptions - there must have been
some Roman espionage - but Voskuilen offers no actual facts or evidence to show that they definitely did so, and specifically finds none to show they planted supposed 'converts' into the flock.
There are a good range of references provided at the end of the article, it all looks very scholarly. Until ones looks a little closer. When one does that, one sees that there are only two authors referred to frequently, one being someone with whom he later co-authored his full book on
Paul the Spy, and the other being an academic - a real academic, writing within in his area of specialisation - whose views on Christian origins wiki describes as being "highly controversial, with critics accusing Eisenman of backing up his allegations with "dubious circumstantial evidence and insinuations".
" Sounds familiar. Both the co-author and the highly controversial chap are thanked by Voskuilen for helping with the editing and sourcing of sources for the article.*
in one part V.lists some of Paul's character traits:
Who, then, was the real Saul of Tarsus? Scholars have labelled him, among other things, a ‘genius’,a ‘chameleon’, ‘creative’,‘multilingual’,‘sarcastic’,‘a closet homosexual’, ‘a man of two cultures’,and ‘Liar’... Even though the above character traits can be considered remarkable for a saint, they are typical, indeed ideal, for a agent provocateur.'
Now quite how he reconciles that list with the second sentence is bizarre enough, but if you look at the list and its references, he quotes six sources for them. Groovy. But all of the clearly negative traits (I have no idea if being 'a man of two cultures' is good or bad. Possibly a hint at bi-sexuality??!!), come from just one book! No bias there then.
Two other bits are worthy of note. Early on he writes that it is doubtful whether the journey to Damascus on which Paul converted even took place. It is unlikely because Damascus was ceded to King Aretas IV in 37CE. Which looks a bit embarrassing for bible scholars. Until you read, right at the end of the article, that he says the journey took place in 3
6CE, when Damascus
was under Roman control. Most scholars put the initial trip anywhere between 33 and 36CE, so there was not only time for that one, but for the return trips referred to elsewhere as well.
Right at the end of the article V makes the perfect CT challenge, setting up a framework for exploration of the question that means his theory will never be disproved:
The ultimate question is, then, who needs to prove what exactly? Does it have to be proven that persecutor Saul faked his conversion? Or does it rather have to be proven that an agent was sincere when he joined the movement he had recently been fighting in the name of the government? In the author’s opinion, it has to be proven that a persecutor is sincere about his joining a persecuted organisation. Saul had the means, motive and opportunity to lie about a change of mind. In addition, his actions validate the possibility of treachery both in biographical detail and literary content. Therefore, until it can be proven that Saul of Tarsus was sincere about his shift in loyalties, the possibility that he acted as an agent-provocateur under the name of ‘Paul’ must prevail, until contradicted by credible evidence.
So, Paul must prove he was genuine, 2000 years ago. Quite how he could do that is left strangely unclear. He can hardly go back and martyr himself.
So, in conclusion, we have: use of dodgy, circular, sources - check. Assertion used as fact - check. Misuse of known facts - check. Internally contradictory - check. Central involvement of 'the jews' - check. It does lose marks for quoting academics
actually working within their field of expertise, so I give it a 9/10.
* The use of circularity of sources in academic journals - especially smaller, more specialist ones - is almost fascinating as a way of implying wide support for a theory which actually has no such support (or indeed, is completely fictitious). See, for example, this fascinating article on how a small group of people (possibly just one) carried out a convincing fraud that Dickens had met Dostoevsky -
http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1243205.ece