"St. James Infirmary Blues" is based on an 18th century traditional English folk song called "The Unfortunate Rake" (also known as "The Unfortunate Lad" or "The Young Man Cut Down in His Prime"). There are numerous versions of the song throughout the English-speaking world. It also evolved into other American standards such as "The Streets of Laredo".
"The Unfortunate Rake" is about a sailor who uses his money on prostitutes, and then dies of a venereal disease. Different versions of the song expand on this theme, variations typically feature a narrator telling the story of a youth "cut down in his prime" (occasionally "her prime") as a result of some morally questionable actions. For example, when the song moved to America, gambling and alcohol became common causes of the youth’s death.
The title is derived from St. James Hospital in London, a religious foundation for the treatment of leprosy. It was closed in 1532 when Henry VIII acquired the land to build St. James Palace.
The song was first collected in England in its version as "The Unfortunate Rake" by Henry Hammond by a Mr. William Cutis at Lyme Regis, Dorset in March 1906...
Notable performers of this song include Cab Calloway, James Booker, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Kermit Ruffins, King Oliver, Artie Shaw, Big Mama Thornton, Jack Teagarden, Wingy Manone, Billie Holiday, Cassandra Wilson, Stan Kenton, Lou Rawls, Bobby Bland, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Doc Watson, Dave Van Ronk, "Spider" John Koerner, Janis Joplin, The Doors, Paul Butterfield, The Animals, and more recently The White Stripes, The Devil Makes Three, the Stray Cats, the Tarbox Ramblers, Snooks Eaglin, Hugh Laurie, Isobel Campbell and Mark Lanegan, and Tom Jones with Jools Holland.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Infirmary_Blues