No absolute prohibition can be found in the
Old Testament; at most,
Exodus 22:25, and
Deuteronomy 23:19-20, forbid the taking of interest by one
Jew from another. In the
Christian era, the
New Testament is silent on the subject; the passage in St. Luke (vi, 34, 35), which some
persons interpret as a condemnation of interest, is only an exhortation to general and disinterested benevolence.
A certain number of authors, among them
Benedict XIV (De synodo diocesana, X., iv, n. 6), believed in the existence of a Patristic tradition which regarded the prohibitory passages of
Holy Scripture as of universal application. Examination of the texts, however, leads us to the following conclusions: Until the fourth century all that can be inferred from the Fathers and
ecclesiastical writers is that it is contrary to mercy and humanity to demand interest from a poor and needy man.
The vehement denunciation of the Fathers of the fourth and fifth centuries were called forth by the moral decadence and
avarice of the time, and we cannot find in them any expression of a general
doctrine on this point; nor do the Fathers of the following centuries say anything remarkable on usury; they simply protest against the exploitation of misfortune, and such transactions as, under the pretence of rendering service to the borrower, really threw him into great distress.
The question of moderate rates of interest seems scarcely to have presented itself to their minds as a matter of discussion. The texts bearing on the question are collected in Vermeersch, "Questiones morales de justitia" II, n. 359. The councils condemned in the first place
clerics who lent money at interest. This is the purpose of the 44th of the
Apostolic Canons; of the
Council of Arles (314), and of the 17th canon the
First Council of Nicæa (325). It is
true that a text of the Council of Elvira (305 or 306) is quoted which, while ordering the degradation of
clerics, would also have punishment inflicted on
laymen, who obstinately persisted in usurious practices; but the mention of
layman is of extremely
doubtful authenticity. It may then be said that until the ninth century canonical decrees forbade this profit, shameful as it was considered, only to
clerics.