FARC money may have helped pay for a
shipment of 20 highly efficient Russian AN-94 assault rifles that Russian intelligence reported
going to the IRA (presumably from corrupt agents in the Russian arms industry or the Russian
military) in 2001, at about the same time that the three IRA experts were in Colombia. The IRA
also is believed to have purchased arms in Latin America recently.16 Colombia offers the IRA an
inconspicuous area for developing its own weapons and tactics at a time when the IRA
nominally is observing a cease-fire in its home territory. On the other side of the deal, the FARC
gains training in terrorist and guerrilla techniques from what is widely considered one of the
most effective terrorist organizations in the world. The cost is easily affordable, considering that
estimates of the FARC’s annual narcotics income reach as high as US$1 billion.17
Although the links between the IRA and the FARC have not usually constituted direct
exchanges of narcotics for weapons, transactions between the two groups have involved both
those commodities. The chief income base of the FARC is narcotics sales, and recent IRA
payments in narcotics to Croatian arms traffickers (see The Balkan Link) demonstrate that the
IRA likely has received narcotics from FARC. The clandestine military training provided to the
FARC by the IRA is a form of trafficking that enhances the value of arms acquired elsewhere,
and the IRA also may have supplied weapons to the FARC as well: In early 2002, the FARC
began using mortars very similar to those designed by weapons expert James Monaghan, one of
the three captured IRA agents. According to Colombian authorities, those weapons are a
significant upgrade of the FARC’s terrorist capability.18
14 U.S. Congress, House, International Relations Committee, “Investigative Findings on the Activities of the Irish
Republican Army (IRA) in Colombia,” 24 April 2002. <http://www.neoloiberalismo.com/ira-farc>
15 Report from Efe News Agency [Spain], 2 October 2002 (FBIS Document EUP20021003000138).
16 Toby Harnden, “Adams Ally’s Trade in Terror,” The Daily Telegraph [London], 15 May 2002 (FBIS
DocumentEUP20020515000149).
17 Mark Burgess, “Globalizing Terrorism: The FARC-IRA Connection,” CDI Terrorism Project report, 5 June 2002.
<http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/farc-ira-pr>
18 Harndon.
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division West European Nexus
- 8 -
Thus the evidence strongly suggests that the IRA is at the center of a complex linkage of
narcotics and arms trading that includes criminal groups in Europe and narco-terrorists in Latin
America. According to this scenario, the flow of narcotics is mainly from Latin America into
Europe, with the IRA using narcotics as currency rather than trafficking actively itself. The more
complex flow of arms and arms enhancement services moves from European sources such as
Croatian smugglers to the IRA, but it also moves from the IRA to Latin America and vice-versa:
the IRA’s arms are enhanced by access to FARC testing areas, as the FARC’s arms are enhanced
by IRA training and arms shipments. The IRA assistance may have been an attempt to upgrade
the FARC’s capabilities following intensification of United States counter-narcotics assistance
that began in 2000.
...
Since the Dayton Accords ended fighting between Serbia and Bosnia in 1995, illegal
arms trafficking from the Balkans has increased. Arms trafficking routes, already established
during the several conflicts that shook the region from 1991 to 1995, expanded as former soldiers became middlemen, traffickers took possession of stockpiles of arms, and former enemies
entered cooperative smuggling ventures.27 Under these conditions, the former Yugoslav
republics of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia have become major sources of illegal arms to both
the IRA and the ETA.
The terrorist groups made their connection in Croatia via the Bosnian faction in the
Croatian Army, the IM Metal arms and munitions plant in Opal, Croatia, and a group of
underworld figures. The latter individuals, who were former members of the French Foreign
Legion, were involved in the assassination of Croatian drug trafficking and gambling kingpin
Veto Sliško in 2001. According to the report, the IRA and the ETA normally paid for their arms
in Colombian cocaine. The Croatian arms dealers, who also trafficked the cocaine they received,
were protected by their connections with the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), which was the
ruling party in the presidency of Franjo Tuđman and continues to be one of Croatia’s major
political parties. The dealers also had connections with high echelons of Croatia’s ministries of
defense and internal affairs, customs service, and secret service. Journalist Jasna Babić
characterizes this arrangement as “a classic example of a well-organized mafia, composed of
classic criminals and portions of the state apparatus.”28 Some Croatian military leaders who
emigrated during the war between Croatia and Serbia (1992-93) are known to have participated
in IRA operations in the 1990s.