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Thoughts on Libertarianism

According to Bregman, the negative, distrustful, self-centred view of humanity that we're condtioned with can become a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy. But hey, maybe we've exhausted that and I'm probably derailing. I do recommend that book though as I say.
 
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According to Bregman, the negative, distrustful, self-centred view of humanity that we're condtioned with can become a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy. But hey, maybe we've exhausted that and I'm probably derailing. I do recommend that book though as I say.
I don't think it's a derail. I think for any form of libertarianism to work as a political ideology, it needs to be backed by a view of humans as inherently able and willing to cooperate. But of course we're also capable of venality and selfishness, and all of us are shaped by our environments.

That town in New Hampshire that fell into ruin under right libertarians is an example, I would argue, of a fundamental misunderstanding of what humans are and also of what the state is. Imo, it's a mistake to be either anti-state or pro-state. The state is a complicated beast that represents both the best and worst of humanity. It is both an organ that operates for and by the powerful and an organ that operates for the good of all. You dismantle the whole thing at your peril because you're not necessarily going to get something benevolent taking its place. Those with a will to power will step in to a power vacuum. Dismantle state organs while inequality exists and you will inevitably deepen the inequality.
 
I think for any form of libertarianism to work as a political ideology, it needs to be backed by a view of humans as inherently able and willing to cooperate. But of course we're also capable of venality and selfishness, and all of us are shaped by our environments.
I definitely agree with this
 
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That town in New Hampshire that fell into ruin under right libertarians is an example, I would argue, of a fundamental misunderstanding of what humans are and also of what the state is. Imo, it's a mistake to be either anti-state or pro-state. The state is a complicated beast that represents both the best and worst of humanity. It is both an organ that operates for and by the powerful and an organ that operates for the good of all. You dismantle the whole thing at your peril because you're not necessarily going to get something benevolent taking its place. Those with a will to power will step in to a power vacuum. Dismantle state organs while inequality exists and you will inevitably deepen the inequality.
I'd have to look at the New Hampshire example. But for me the state is ultimately negative and keeps inequality, injustice and the class system etc in place and will always be unfairly and unnecessarily repressive in some way - that it will always do these things. So it seems to me that it has to be dissolved, but definitely needs to be replaced - with organs of self-goverment like the commune (free federations of worker's assemblies and councils).
 
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There was Libertarian Communist Group in UK , late 70’s.
An archive of Libertarian Communist, a paper produced by the UK Libertarian Communist Group (formely the Anarchist Workers Association and Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists) in the late 1970s, following on from Libertarian Struggle/Anarchist Worker.
 
I'd have to look at the New Hampshire example. But for me the state is ultimately negative and keeps inequality, injustice and the class system etc in place and will always be unfairly and unnecessarily repressive in some way - that it will always do these things. So it seems to me that it has to be dissolved, but definitely needs to be replaced - with organs of self-goverment like the commune (free federations of worker's assemblies and councils).
Those communes would need to come together to make big decisions, though. To coordinate our response to the climate crisis, for instance, but more generally because we operate in a world of finite resources. How do motorways or railway lines get maintained? Who regulates air travel? How do we manage pollution, in particular the kind of activity that produces externalities? How do we regulate fishing? Ultimately, some things like climate change and biodiversity need a global response coordinated at a global level. We'd need large-scale organisations to coordinate an equitable distribution of resources worldwide while we sort out the various fuck-ups.

I would argue that you quickly end up with institutions that look very much like states because voluntary association only gets you so far when there are 8 billion people on the planet. Most of us lead technology-dependent lives. All of us live in resource-strapped environments. And mechanisms to mediate conflicts of interest are needed.

We live in a situation of constant negotiation with the state regarding our responsibilities towards it and its responsibilities towards us. More generally, that's true of any group to which we belong. I can't see how, in the foreseeable future, any of our current problems can be tackled without a negotiation with current state structures. That's the thing about politics, no? 'I wouldn't start from here' doesn't get you anywhere. Something that stops the current direction of travel would be a start.
 
Hey, try this sci-hub link:


The thing is that culture is uniquely human. No other species has built institutions transmitting behaviour, beliefs and knowledge down generations. So you need an explanation of what is is about humans that allows culture to form.
I found a free version of this btw.

https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Cambridge/Tomasello_Understanding_BehBrainSci_2005_1555292.pdf

The practice of keeping academic papers behind paywalls is an ongoing irritation to me. Knowledge should be freely shared. But there are various people out there subverting it.
 
Just thought I'd (rather arrogantly) re-post this as it is related to Libertarianism -

Just wanted to say that I am interested in council communism at the moment (which is a type of libertarian communism), but am kind of unfamiliar with it (especially the economic side of it) and need to try to learn more about it.

It seems to me, unless I'm not focussing enough on it myself, that maybe theres not enough of a focus on the economic side of things with anarchism (and maybe that anarchist economics are kinda vague) and I am interested in the economic side of left libertarianism and need to learn more. It also seems to me that maybe theres more of a focus on the political side of things though, when the economic side is also very important (though ofcourse the economic is also political).
I suppose that there's a clearer split between anarchism and marxism on the political side (although even there they're not necessarily mutually exclusive), whereas a lot of anarchism's compatible with marxist economics, so there's less need to reinvent the wheel? Cafiero's Compendium, for instance. I think Kropotkin and Malatesta might have had some critiques of Marx's economics, but then I'm not hugely fascinated by the economic stuff myself so not an expert there.
 
I found a free version of this btw.

https://www.eva.mpg.de/documents/Cambridge/Tomasello_Understanding_BehBrainSci_2005_1555292.pdf

The practice of keeping academic papers behind paywalls is an ongoing irritation to me. Knowledge should be freely shared. But there are various people out there subverting it.
Completely agree. That’s what sci-hub is, by the way — like piratebay for academic papers. That’s why I was surprised the sci-hub link wasn’t working, but sci-hub does get IPs blocking its proxies regularly.

There’s loads that, like you, I take issue with in that paper, by the way. But the core model of dialogic representation it gets to somewhere in the middle of the paper is one of the most cited (and thus most influential) ideas in contemporary psychology
 
Hey, try this sci-hub link:


The thing is that culture is uniquely human. No other species has built institutions transmitting behaviour, beliefs and knowledge down generations. So you need an explanation of what is is about humans that allows culture to form.
Ok, I've read this now. Some thoughts:

The analysis of the ontogeny is convincing, and the model of shared goals is good. Also, from what I know about chimps and bonobos (I've read widely, have no direct experience), the summary of their activities seems pretty fair. I also agree with what they say about how language is acquired.

However, this statement doesn't stand up:

Although nonhuman animals may engage with one another in complex social interactions in which they know the goals of one another and exploit this, they are not motivated to create shared goals to which they are jointly committed in the same way as humans

And this statement shows why they've missed it:

although apes know that others have goals and perceptions, they have little desire to share them. They can interact with others triadically around objects, but they do not engage with others in shared endeavors with shared goals and experiences.

They've failed to consider anything other than other primates because they somehow see primates as the Himalayas of evolution with humans as Mt Everest. That's a bad mistake. They don't consider orcas or humpback whales or sperm whales or elephants...

Taking just orcas, their behaviour suggests triadic engagement with one another in pursuit of a collaboration with a shared intentionality, recognition of each other's role, etc. Pod-specific hunting strategies such as those captured by Frozen Planet 2 involve all of this. And they are clearly cultural.

If I might indulge in a bit of evo-psych (!!) myself, one could compare the hunting strategies of humans going after big game in coordinated groups with the hunting strategies of orca going after the big game of the oceans. And one could see the development of supercooperation within both species as a result of the same evolutionary pressures.

I see that they hypothesise group selection as the way that collaboration came to dominate. Martin Nowak has done mathematical simulations on this and reached a similar conclusion. It provides a good explanation for the dominance of collaborators as game theory predicts it.

One final thought concerns sheep dogs working with humans. I don't know enough detail of this to say exactly where it lies in the spectrum of collaboration and joint intention. Quite a long way along the road, I would think.
 
Honestly, I had the same thoughts about his blindness regarding the interaction of non-apes (I referred to that up top). And of dogs, in particular.

He doesn’t say that other animals don’t have triadic interaction, though. He is actually saying that collaborative interaction is more than just triadic interaction — it requires more than an object-self-other understanding, but also to have the concept of the other’s agency as part of the joint goal. That’s the bit he’s saying other animals don’t do, albeit that he unreasonably generalises straight from apes to all animals.

This was a 2005 paper, of course. He’s done a lot more to refine the model in the subsequent 18 years.
 
He is actually saying that collaborative interaction is more than just triadic interaction — it requires more than an object-self-other understanding, but also to have the concept of the other’s agency as part of the joint goal. That’s the bit he’s saying other animals don’t do
Yes, and I'm saying that it looks for all the world that orca (and humpback whales, and probably others) do that. They coordinate closely (incredibly closely), evaluate carefully, have clearly defined roles, which they can switch as necessary, and have a very clearly defined end goal that they are all working towards from the start as part of a hunting process that often involves multiple stages. In addition, each hunt is a little different and involves different stages, so they have some way of communicating their joint intention on that particular hunt to one another. We don't know enough about orca communication to say exactly how they do this, but we can know that they do it from their observed behaviour.

Sorry I forgot to quote the most egregious bit of human/primate-centred reasoning in that paper.

An interesting question in all of this is the manner in which our nearest primate relatives are able to understand and share intentions. Obviously, an answer to this question would help to shed light on the phylogeny of social cognition in the human species, but it also would help to shed light on its ontogeny as well – by providing a kind of general primate starting point that might serve to isolate the evolutionarily unique features of human social cognition.

My word, that's bad.
 
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Those communes would need to come together to make big decisions, though. To coordinate our response to the climate crisis, for instance, but more generally because we operate in a world of finite resources. How do motorways or railway lines get maintained? Who regulates air travel? How do we manage pollution, in particular the kind of activity that produces externalities? How do we regulate fishing? Ultimately, some things like climate change and biodiversity need a global response coordinated at a global level. We'd need large-scale organisations to coordinate an equitable distribution of resources worldwide while we sort out the various fuck-ups.

I would argue that you quickly end up with institutions that look very much like states because voluntary association only gets you so far when there are 8 billion people on the planet. Most of us lead technology-dependent lives. All of us live in resource-strapped environments. And mechanisms to mediate conflicts of interest are needed.

We live in a situation of constant negotiation with the state regarding our responsibilities towards it and its responsibilities towards us. More generally, that's true of any group to which we belong. I can't see how, in the foreseeable future, any of our current problems can be tackled without a negotiation with current state structures. That's the thing about politics, no? 'I wouldn't start from here' doesn't get you anywhere. Something that stops the current direction of travel would be a start.
Communes could confederate if they needed to but they wouldn't have to be states.
 
Communes could confederate if they needed to but they wouldn't have to be states.
Ok so setting aside how we get there from here (a big question!), communes would not only need to confederate, there would also need to be some kind of mechanism in place to ensure compliance with whatever it is they agree to jointly. How do you protect your system against malicious actors?
 
Thatcher, while repeatedly using the catchphrase “rolling back the state”, in fact vastly enlarged the state.

Truss too recently bemoaned the politics of redistribution whilst also pledging to borrow £150 billion of public money to give straight to the big energy companies. Neoliberalism isn’t so much an ideology as an outright scam.
 
Ok so setting aside how we get there from here (a big question!), communes would not only need to confederate, there would also need to be some kind of mechanism in place to ensure compliance with whatever it is they agree to jointly. How do you protect your system against malicious actors?
Yeah you're right, it wouldn't work. How did I not see it before? I'm jacking in this libertarian crap now and I owe it all to you.
 
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Ok so setting aside how we get there from here (a big question!), communes would not only need to confederate, there would also need to be some kind of mechanism in place to ensure compliance with whatever it is they agree to jointly. How do you protect your system against malicious actors?
Fwiw, while it's a bit heavy on the academic side, I remember the Abolishing the Police book from Dog Section Press had some interesting stuff thinking through what it'd actually look like - the "Policing and coercion - what are the alternatives?" chapter is probably the one to go for here.
 
One problem that a shift to a less statist approach would need to deal with is that we do not start from scratch, with tabala rasa humans. People have an existing understanding of how society works, how they interact with others, what is "normal" behaviour, what kind of behaviour they can expect from others etc etc etc. These understandings have been formed by their development from age zero within the society and culture that already exists. They have internalised this external reality and will behave without realising it as if this state of affairs is "natural". For example, they default to the banal nationalism of supporting their national football team, or they take for granted that laws will be the same as they travel from one town to the next. As such, even if an alternative way of living is entirely logically consistent, sensible -- utopian, even -- if this alternative relies on people having beliefs, behaviours and rituals that are radically different to the status quo, you can't expect to implement it in a short time frame. New generations will need to grow up taking the new way of living for granted before it becomes embedded. In the meantime, you need a transition plan for how to get the existing population from here to there. A plan that doesn't involve just persuading everybody they should experience reality differently, because it makes logical sense.
 
One problem that a shift to a less statist approach would need to deal with is that we do not start from scratch, with tabala rasa humans. People have an existing understanding of how society works, how they interact with others, what is "normal" behaviour, what kind of behaviour they can expect from others etc etc etc. These understandings have been formed by their development from age zero within the society and culture that already exists. They have internalised this external reality and will behave without realising it as if this state of affairs is "natural". For example, they default to the banal nationalism of supporting their national football team, or they take for granted that laws will be the same as they travel from one town to the next. As such, even if an alternative way of living is entirely logically consistent, sensible -- utopian, even -- if this alternative relies on people having beliefs, behaviours and rituals that are radically different to the status quo, you can't expect to implement it in a short time frame. New generations will need to grow up taking the new way of living for granted before it becomes embedded. In the meantime, you need a transition plan for how to get the existing population from here to there. A plan that doesn't involve just persuading everybody they should experience reality differently, because it makes logical sense.
Certainly capitalism very much moulds people's minds and how they behave and its a very significant factor that we have to deal with. And certainly if the revolution happened I guess there would proably be the need for a kind of transition from lower phase communism/socialism, hopefully onto a higher phase of communism, and that would probably be based around economics I guess. Thats how it seems to me anyway.
 
Certainly capitalism very moulds people's minds and how they behave and its a very significant factor that we have to deal with. And certainly if the revolution happened I guess there would proably be the need for a transition from lower phase communism/socialism, hopefully onto a higher phase of communism.
If you’re theorising, though, it’s not enough to say “if it happens”. It won’t happen based on subjectified norms that currently exist. For too many people, the society you propose is literally unthinkable. Literally. Existing norms have to be addressed explicitly and psychologically to change this.
 
Existing norms have to be addressed explicitly and psychologically to change this.
I'm sure theres some truth to what you say and I don't know why you'd assume that I haven't yet considered that people would have to change their thinking etc. But then I don't use words like 'subjectified' so what do I know? Nice crystal ball btw.

And yeah I guess theres never ever, throughout history, been any revolutions or uprisings etc and worker's councils etc coz they were literllay 'unthinkable'. And its impossible for us to learn anything from that history or anything else.
 
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Yeah you're right, it wouldn't work. How did I not see it before? I'm jacking in this libertarian crap now and I owe it all to you.
There was a question in there. How do you protect your system from malicious actors? What would a confederation of communes look like? I don't think it's an unreasonable question.

And how do we get from here to there is always a key question because we have to start from here.
 
Fwiw, while it's a bit heavy on the academic side, I remember the Abolishing the Police book from Dog Section Press had some interesting stuff thinking through what it'd actually look like - the "Policing and coercion - what are the alternatives?" chapter is probably the one to go for here.
Interesting but not quite what I was getting at. I was thinking more along the lines of resource distribution between groups, how you ensure equitable systems across regions and the entire world, how you ensure compliance at the group level, and how you tackle the big existential issues that we face collectively.

At the level of individuals relating to one another in their daily lives, I would agree that there are alternatives to current ideas about policing and punishment but that's not what I was getting at.
 
There’s also the pros as well as the cons of large-scale cultural consistency to be considered. The existence of banal nationalism and statism helps to keep coherence within a nation through a common sense of identity.

Think of the culture shock that you get when travelling to a different country. People have different expectations for your behaviour, your body language, your adherence to particular customs and norms. You can find yourself breaking a law that you didn’t imagine existing, because codes of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour are culturally constructed. As you wonder down a street, you aren’t sure exactly how traffic tends to behave, or what all the road signs mean and thus when and where you should cross the road. You go into a cafe and you’re not sure what is deemed the social norms for ordering or paying.

Now imagine if that cultural heterogeneity existed from commune to commune as well as country to country. Not only would it be confusing, it would foster out-group thinking, with all the attendant hostility that can cause.
 
To flesh that out, generally the countries around the world that are the best to live in are the ones with robust institutions, where state structures are visible and generally trusted. This actually feeds into what the paper kabbes linked to talks about - the human ability through shared intentions to create shared meanings and culture, making possible things like money.

It can sound attractive to tear down institutions and start again, but to be boring about this, it's also dangerous to do so. Those institutions, even ones that are far from ideal, provide protection against malicious actors. I'm not talking about the police here. In those states that are not so good to live in, the police are often part of the problem, one of those malicious actors.
 
There was a question in there. How do you protect your system from malicious actors? What would a confederation of communes look like? I don't think it's an unreasonable question.

And how do we get from here to there is always a key question because we have to start from here.
You seem to be finding problems where really there are none in a sense. I don't think its too hard to envision how it would work.
 
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