Kaczynski’s amendments and additions to Ellul are derived from several sources. The most important is
The Human Zoo by zoologist Desmond Morris, the 1969 sequel to his 1967 bestseller,
The Naked Ape. Drawing on his experience as curator of mammals at the London Zoo, Morris observes that modern city-dwellers are afflicted by many of the same psychological problems that afflict other mammals in captivity. He attributes these problems to the fact that ‘[t]he modern human animal is no longer living in conditions natural for his species’.
Footnote63 Human beings, who evolved to be tribal hunter-gatherers, pay a high psychological price for living in the relative safety of their urban ‘zoos’.
Kaczynski’s debt to Morris is well hidden. The
Washington Post version of the Manifesto does not cite Morris and contains only subtle allusions to
The Human Zoo. After listing the various psychological problems caused by disruption of the power process, Kaczynski adds that ‘ome of the symptoms listed are similar to those shown by caged animals’.
Footnote64 On his private copy of the Manifesto, he followed this sentence with a private footnote to
The Human Zoo.
Footnote65
Kaczynski’s Darwinian spin on Ellul is derived from this book. His 1978–1979 essay, ‘Reflections on Purposeful Work’, closely echoes Morris and anticipates the Manifesto’s idea of biological maladaptation: ‘the reasons [sic] modern man is so prone to frustration and other emotional problems is that in the technological society he lives a life that is highly abnormal; as compared with the life to which evolution has adapted him, namely, the life of a hunter-gatherer’.
Footnote66 Kaczynski put an endnote after this sentence, but the endnotes are missing. A reference to
The Human Zoo would have fit perfectly.
Kaczynski’s idea of the power process is derived in large part from Morris. In a 1996 letter, written three months after his arrest, Kaczynski recommends ‘two books that seem to give some support to the manifesto’s assertion about the power process: Desmond Morris, The Human Zoo, and Martin E. P. Seligman, Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death’.
Footnote67 He is vague here because admitting to being the author of the Manifesto would have meant incriminating himself.