Recently Reported Statistically Sound Studies Conducted Using Scientific Methodology
Helmet use and bicycle-related trauma in patients presenting to an acute hospital in Singapore, Heng K W J, Lee A H P, Zhu S, Tham K Y, Seow E (
http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4705/4705a1.pdf)
The mother of all studies, it looks at 16 case controlled studies.
http://depts.washington.edu/hiprc/practices/topic/bicycles/index.html
The conclusions of the case-controlled studies are not surprising.
Attewell, 2001. Results provide clear evidence of helmet benefits. Helmets reduce risk of head, brain, facial injury, and death.
Kelsch, 1996. Bicycle helmets reduced the incidence and severity of head injuries.
Finvers, 1996. Strong prospective effect of helmets for serious head injuries. Protective effect of helmet underestimated due to exclusion of ICU cases. None of the ICU cases wore helmets.
Acton, 1996. Oral maxillofacial injuries frequent. Design modification helmets need such as a lightweight chin protector.
Thompson et al., 1996. Bicycle helmets are effective for all bicyclists regardless of age and regardless of motor vehicle involvement in the crash.
Thompson et al., 1996. Helmets protect against upper face and middle face injuries. Use of two control groups thought to "bracket" the true effect of helmets on risk of facial injury.
Maimaris et al., 1994. Helmet use significantly reduces the risk of sustaining a head injury, regardless of type of bicycle accident. Some evidence refuting claims that helmet users are either more cautious or take more risks than non-users.
Thomas et al., 1994. Helmet use significantly reduces the risk of upper head injury and loss of consciousness in a bicycle crash.
McDermott et al., 1993. Helmet use significantly protects against head injury.
Spaite et al., 1991. Helmeted riders over 33 times less likely to sustain a major head injury and over 16 times less likely to have an ISS (injury severity score) >15 than non-helmeted riders.
Thompson et al., 1990. Significant protective effect among helmet users for serious upper facial injuries compared to non-users.
Thompson et al., 1989. Helmet use protects against risk of head and brain injury by 85% and 88% respectively compared to those not wearing helmets. Population-based control group provides the best estimate of helmet effect.