Reno said:
Film Noir isn't a laundry list of items to be checked off, it is defined by a particular period in film history, a view of the world as a hostile and corrupt place and most of all the stylistic influence of German Expressionist cinema.
Reno is right to point out the historical specificity of these films and the visual influence of German Expressionist cinema. Unlike other genres, what makes a film "noir" is to a larger extent the photographic aspect and not so much the story. The films first called "noir" by French critics were a particular type of Hollywood films made in the thirties and forties and suddenly imported into post-war France when the Occupation ban on American films was lifted. They copied the use of shadows, lighting, framing, angles and sets previously known only in Expressionist films. During those years, a considerable number of established directors (and artists, writers, actors etc) had left Germany and Austria and found work in the States, and cinema as we know it would be very different if it hadn't been for their involvement in Hollywood.
Otto Preminger for example (who made the absolutely brilliant
Laura among others), Fritz Lang (whose noir Hollywood films include the great unfairly neglected first
Fury--with echoes of
M--,
The Ministry of Fear, Scarlet Street ...), Robert Siodmak (
Spiral Staircase, The Killers ...), Billy Wilder (
The Lost Weekend, Double Indemnity, Sunset Boulevard ...), Rudi Mayer (a.k.a. Rudolph Maté, who made
D.O.A., Gilda ...), Wilhelm Dieterle, Douglas Sirk and several other well-known people arrived in the States and brought their own style of filmmaking which they adapted to the demands of the studios. The use of predominantly interior sets for example was a good working solution for the tight budget they were prescribed.
In many cases the plots were taken from pulp novels which explains the mystery and crime elements and why so many characters are detectives or gangsters. However, in addition to the pulp origin and depending on the skill of the director many of these films also reflected the general pessimism and anxieties of the time, and criticised aspects of North American post-Depression society from the perspective of an outsider. Expressionism as a tendency emerged from the First World War so in a sense it is not surprising that some of its elements were used by the people who already mastered as a style to express the post war atmosphere.
There is a second wave of noir cinema in the late forties and fifties that includes the films directly influenced by the earlier ones, such as the Welles, Aldrich and Hitchcock films already mentioned,
The Postman Always Rings Twice, White Heat, In A Lonely Place, The Third Man, Stanley Kubrick's
The Killing, Jules Dassin's
The Night and the City, even Akira Kurosawa's
Stray Dog to name just a few out of many more.
It is perhaps reasonable to argue that there is also a third wave of films in colour that are descendants and in some cases creative remakes of the black and white ones, such as
Chinatown, Body Heat, DOA, The Grifters, the fantastic
Last Seduction, even
Basic Instinct*, and also a number of European films made along the same lines.
Bomber said:
There's always some 'Sight n Sound' reader waiting to shoot you down in flames if you even try and butt in on a film thread without having a Film or Media studies degree to wave around!
You don't need a degree or an ability to memorise Sight & Sound in order to know what a genre is, provided you like films and you have an amount of visual sensibility and awareness of history.
As for those who question
Night of the Hunter, Reno has posted on another thread some stills that convey better than any description the Expressionist influence (in fact that thread has stills from several films mentioned here).
*Basic Instinct 2 in particular (I know it is not exactly popular on the boards) goes around in a full circle and references Expressionism with a print/quote and elements of plot borrowed from Alban Berg's opera
Wozzeck.